This modality was one of the first to move away from the traditional model of the therapist as expert, and move instead toward a nondirective, empathic approach that empowers and motivates the client in the therapeutic process.

Targeting complex trauma, CTT looks at the impact of traumatic events themselves but also the impact of being in an environment that doesn’t allow for appropriate psychological, social and learning development. By addressing both areas, the trauma can be treated and clients can build the capacities needed to enjoy a productive and gratifying life.

EMD uses bilateral stimulation (eye movements, tactile and auditory) to desensitise trauma memories and integrate them into the memory system without the associated negative emotions, physical sensations and core beliefs.

ACT suggests that attempts to suppress or control emotional experiences create further challenges, and instead encourages clients to develop a new and compassionate relationship with their experiences.

DBT aims to help clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation by learning about the triggers that lead to reactive states and helping to assess which coping skills to apply to help avoid undesired reactions

Mindfulness is the process of non-judgementally bringing one’s attention to the internal and external experiences occurring in the present moment. These skills can be developed through the practice of meditation and other training.

This theory explores the importance of "attachment" in personal development and how the ability to form an emotional and physical "attachment" to another person gives a sense of stability and security necessary to take risks, branch out, and grow and develop as a person.

IFS suggests that we comprise a number of subpersonalities or ‘parts’ and that mental health symptoms are regarded as emotional events under the control of unconscious “parts” within us.

Polyvagal Theory unpacks how our nervous system responds to stimuli: how the body scans, evaluates and reacts to cues of safety and danger. It also provides a framework for understanding human behaviour.

Schema Therapy suggests that many negative cognitive conditions are based on past experiences, and provides models for challenging and modifying negative thoughts and behaviours in order to provoke change.

CBT is a treatment approach that helps you recognize negative or unhelpful thought and behaviour patterns.

Psychodynamic approaches aim to help clients find patterns in their emotions, thoughts, and beliefs in order to gain insight into their current self, often by exploring early life experiences.